Enhanced Mechanical Properties of Modified Clay Soil Using a Mixture of Nano-Additive and Activator Nano White Cement
Main Article Content
Abstract
Egypt's national highway network expanded by an astounding 98.78% between 2013 and 2024 (from 65.7 thousand km to 130.6 thousand km). The California Bearing Ratio (CBR) test is a crucial test for both road design and maintenance procedures. Also, a tried-and-true, simple technique, CBR test uses in Egyptian highway construction to assess the strength of base course materials and soil subgrades. While adding conventional materials like fly ash, cement, and lime to improve mechanical properties is thought to be environmentally harmful, the new science of the nanotechnology revolution has positive ecological and economic feedback.
The strength of the tested soil varies in each sample depending on the percentage of nano-white cement (N-WCem) alone or combined with the nano-silica (N-Si) additive. The resulting difference in soil strength depends mainly on increasing the percentage of additions, which in turn increases the amount of water for each sample, especially with high percentages of nanomaterials. Thus, the present study tried to evaluate CBR Test in many varying degrees of soaking. Various percentages of the additives N-Si and activator N-WCem were added to the tested soil, namely (0.3, 0.6, 0.9, and 1.2%) and (0.5, 1, and 1.5%), respectively. The improvement in the CBR test values continued when the two materials were mixed, even at low percentages of N-WCem.
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
How to Cite
References
Afrin H. (2017): A Review on Different Types Soil Stabilization Techniques. International Journal of Transportation Engineering and Technology. 3(2): 19-24. doi: 10.11648/j.ijtet.20170302.12.
Aguib AA (2021): Flexible Pavement Design AASHTO 1993 versus Mechanistic- Empirical Pavement Design. American University in Cairo. https://fount.aucegypt.edu/retro_etds/2470
Al-Saffar FY, Wong LS, Paul SC. (2023): An Elucidative Review of the Nanomaterial Effect on the Durability and Calcium-Silicate-Hydrate (C-S-H) Gel Development of Concrete. Gels. 9(8):613. Doi: 10.3390/gels9080613.
Alyasiry SAAH, Alkroosh IS, Sarker PK (2017): Feasibility of producing nano cement in a traditional cement factory in Iraq. Case Studies in Construction Materials. 7: 91–101.
ASTM C150/C150M (2022): Standard Specification for Portland cement. ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
Attaha IC, Okaforb FO, Ugwu OO (2020): Optimization of California bearing ratio of tropical black clay soil treated with cement kiln dust and metakaolin blend. International Journal of Pavement Research and Technology. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s42947-020-0003-6
Ayininuola GM and Balogun LO. (2018): Investigation of Glass Fiber Potential in Soil Stabilization. International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology (IJEAT). 7(5):113-117. E5418067518.pdf (ijeat.org)
Changizi F, Haddad A (2017) Improving the geotechnical properties of soft clay with nano-silica particles. ICE Institution of Civil Engineers. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/jgrim.15.00026
Elbasiouny, H., Elbehiry, F. (2019): Geology. In: El-Ramady, H., Alshaal, T., Bakr, N., Elbana, T., Mohamed, E., Belal, AA. (eds) The Soils of Egypt. World Soils Book Series. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-95516-2_6
ElDeeb AB., Brichkin VN., Bertau M., Awad ME., Savinova YA. (2022): Enhanced alumina extraction from kaolin by thermochemical activation using charcoal. Clay Minerals 56(4), 269–283. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1180/clm.2022.7
Garcia S, Trejo P, Ramirez O, Molina JL, Hernandez N. (2017): Influence of Nanosilica on compressive strength of lacustrine soft clays. ICSMGE 2017 - 19th International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, Seoul, South Korea. https://www.issmge.org/publications/online-library
García-Lodeiro I, Fernández-Jiménez A, Palomo A, Macphee DE. (2010): Effect of Calcium Additions on N–A–S–H Cementitious Gels. Journal of the American Ceramic Society. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1551-2916.2010.03668.x
Gupta D and Kumar A (2016): Strength Characterization of Cement Stabilized and Fiber Reinforced Clay–Pond Ash Mixes. Int. J. of Geosynth. and Ground Eng. (2016) 2:32 DOI 10.1007/s40891-016-0069-z.
Haeri SM, Hosseini AM, Shahrabi MM, Soleymani S. (2015): Comparison of strength characteristics of gorgan loessial soil improved by nano- silica, lime and portland cement. 15th Pan American Conference on Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, Buenos Aires, Argentina. DOI:
10.3233/978-1-61499-603-3-1820
Herzog A. and Mitchell JK. (1963): Reactions accompanying the stabilization of clay with cement. Highw. Res.Board Rec.36,146–171. http://onlinepubs.trb.org/Onlinepubs/hrr/1963/36/36-008.pdf
Ibrahim HB., Salah M., Zarzoura F., El Mewaf M. (2024): Persistent scatterer interferometry (PSI) technique for road infrastructure monitoring: a case study of the roadway network of the Nile Delta (Egypt). Innovative Infrastructure Solutions. 9:119. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41062-024-01415-7
Kakavand A, Dabiri R (2018): Experimental study of applying colloidal nano Silica in improving sand-silt mixtures. Int. J. Nano Dimens., 9 (4): 357-373. DOI: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Kulanthaivel P, Soundara B, Velmurugan S, Naveenraj V. (2021): Experimental investigation on stabilization of clay soil using nanomaterials and white cement. Materials Today: Proceedings 45 (2021) 507–511
Lindh P. and Lemenkova P. (2023): Geotechnical Properties of Soil Stabilized with Blended Binders for Sustainable Road Base Applications. Constr. Mater. 3(1), 110- 126; https://doi.org/10.3390/constrmater3010008
Liu G., Zhang C., Zhao M., Guo W., Luo Q. (2021): Comparison of Nanomaterials with Other Unconventional Materials Used as Additives for Soil Improvement in the Context of Sustainable Development: A Review. Nanomaterials. 11(1): 15. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano11010015
Marik S, Ransinchung GDRN, Singh A, Khot P (2022): Investigation on use of silica-based additive for sustainable subgrade construction. Case Studies in Construction Materials. 17: e01229. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscm.2022.e01229
Mostafa AEA, Ouf MS, Elgendy MF (2016): Stabilization of Subgrade Pavement Layer Using Silica Fume and Nano Silica. International Journal of Scientific and Engineering Research. 7(3). ISSN 2229-5518. http://www.ijser.org
Ng DS, Paul SC, Anggraini V, Kong SY, Qureshi TS, Rodriguez CR, Liu Q, Šavija B (2020): Influence of SiO2, TiO2 and Fe2O3 nanoparticles on the properties of fly ash blended cement mortars. Construction and Building Materials. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.119627
Nie L, Li X, Li J, Zhu B, Lin Q. (2022): Analysis of High-Performance Concrete Mixed with Nano-Silica in Front of Sulfate Attack. Materials (Basel). 15(21):7614. doi: 10.3390/ma15217614
Nnochiri ES, Okokpujie IP, Tartibu LK (2023): Experimental Analysis of the Strength and Microstructural Effects of Rice Husk Ash and Bamboo Leaf Ash on Cement-Treated Lateritic Soil. International Journal of Design & Nature and Ecodynamics. 18 (4):783-789. http://iieta.org/journals/ijdne
Ochepo J, Kanyi IM. (2020): Effect of Nano-Silica on Consolidation and Permeability Properties of Lateritic Soil. LAUTECH Journal of Civil and Environmental Studies. DOI: 10.36108/laujoces/0202/50(0170)
Ola Bakr Shalaby, Hala Elkady, Amr B. ElDeeb, Mohamed Salah, Ayman L. Fayed, Nabil M. Nagy (2024): Improved Mechanical Properties of Clay Soil modified by Activated Nano White Cement and Nano-Silica mixture. Zhonggou Kuangye Daxue Xuebao.
Onyelowe KC, Onyia ME, Van DB, Baykara H, Ugwu HU (2021): Pozzolanic Reaction in Clayey Soils for Stabilization Purposes:A Classical Overview of Sustainable Transport Geotechnics. Advances in Materials Science and Engineering. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/6632171
Adnan E., Al Waily MJ., Jawad ZF. (2023): A Review Study on the Effect of Nanomaterials and Local Materials on Soil Geotechnical Properties. E3S Web of Conferences. 427: 01010. https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202342701010
Sasanian S., Newson T A. (2014): Basic parameters governing behaviour of cement-treated clay. Soil Found. 54 (2): 209–224. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sandf.2014.02.011.
Tang S, Wang Y, Geng Z, Xu X, Yu W, AH, Chen J (2021): Structure, Fractality, Mechanics and Durability of Calcium Silicate Hydrates. Fractal Fract. 5(2): 47. https://doi.org/10.3390/fractalfract5020047
Thomas G, Rangaswamya K (2020): Strengthening of cement blended soft clay with nano-silica particles. Geomechanics and Engineering, 20 (6): 505-516. DOI: https://doi.org/10.12989/gae.2020.20.6.505 505
Ur Rahman I., Raheel M., Khawaja MWA., Khan R., Li J., Khan A., Khan MT. (2021): Characterization of engineering properties of weak subgrade soils with different pozzolanic & cementitious additives. Case Studies in Construction Materials. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscm.2021.e00676
Ural N (2021): The significance of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis on the microstructure of improved clay: An overview. Open Geosciences. https://doi.org/10.1515/geo-2020-0145.
Verma DK, Maheshwari UK (2017): Effect of Nano Silica on Geotechnical Properties of Clayey Soil. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR). 2319-7064. DOI: 10.21275/ART20178874
Wong JKH, Kok ST, Wong SY (2020): Cementitious, Pozzolanic and Filler Materials for DSM Binders. Civil Engineering Journal. DOI: 10.28991/cej-2020-03091479